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Medical and Science
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What are Eukaryotic Cells? |
Eukaryotic cells are
found in animals, plants, fungi and protists, that is
multi-cellular organisms. They are distinguished by the
fact that they have a nuclei. In general, there is one
nucleus in each eukaryotic cell, and it contains the
genetic material, or DNA. Each eukaryotic cell contains
a number of different specialized subunits called
organelles, or “tiny organs”.
Organelles
Organelles are to cells what organs are to the body.
They are specialised structures designed to perform
specific functions, such as gaining and working with
energy, as well as directing the overall behavior of the
cells. The nucleus, the mitochondria, the chloroplast,
the Golgi apparatus, the lysosome, and the endoplasmic
reticulum are all examples of organelles.
The Nucleus
The eukaryotic nucleus is surrounded by a double layered
nuclear membrane, or envelope which separates the
interior of the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The genetic
material is dispersed in the nucleus as a complex
network of DNA and protein called chromatin.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria have two membranes, an inner and an outer.
Mitochondria, can grow and divide, but they can also
fuse together. As a result of this fusion, mitochondrial
abnormalities are often associated with serious diseases
including cancer. Mitochondria play a critical role in
generating energy in the eukaryotic cell, and this
process involves a number of complex pathways. They are
the powerhouses of the cell.
Chloroplasts
The chloroplasts are disc shaped and have a two membrane
envelope called the Inner membrane, and the Outer
membrane. The purpose of chloroplasts is to convert
light energy from the sun into ATP through a process
called photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are members of a
class of organelles known as plastids. They are
distinguished from all other types of plastids by the
internal membranes that form thylakoids.
Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi Apparatus are flattened single membranous
sacs arranged in layers. Located near the nucleus, the
Golgi Apparatus is a key component of plant and animal
cells and is responsible for distributing proteins, and
lipids to the correct location in a cell.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are single-membrane organelles, and have no
internal structures. They are spherical sacs that are
manufactured by the Golgi Apparatus. Lysosomes contain
hydrolytic enzymes that digest proteins, fats and
polysaccharides, and supply energy to the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is a transport system.
Protein molecules move from the rough endoplasmic
reticulum into the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which
then sends them to the Golgi Apparatus. The rough
endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes which are not
present in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The purpose
of the ribosome is to synthesize protein.
Information
obtained from the Wikipedia web site. Wikipedia the free
encyclopedia. |
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