Handbook of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Calculations by Joseph Reynolds, John S. Jeris, and Louis Theodore Softcover - 948 pages Shipped in CLICK HERE Cat.# JW-ENV7 $146.30 BUY Published:  2007   ISBN:  9780470139028

Because of the ubiquitous nature of environmental problems, a variety of scientific disciplines are involved in the development of environmental solutions. The Handbook of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Calculations provides approximately 600 real-world, practical solutions to environmental problems that involve chemical engineering, enabling engineers and applied scientists to meet the professional challenges they face day-to-day.

The scientific and mathematical crossover between chemical and environmental engineering is the key to solving a host of environmental problems. Many problems included in the Handbook are intended to demonstrate this crossover, as well as the integration of engineering with current regulations and environmental media such as air, soil, and water. Solutions to the problems are presented in a programmed instructional format. Each problem contains a title, problem statement, data, and solution, with the more difficult problems located near the end of each problem set. The Handbook offers material not only to individuals with limited technical background but also to those with extensive industrial experience.

Chapter titles include:

Chemical Engineering Fundamentals
Chemical Engineering Principles
Air Pollution Control Equipment
Solid Waste
Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment
Pollution Prevention
Health, Safety, and Accident Management

Ideal for students at the graduate and undergraduate levels, the Handbook of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Calculations is also a comprehensive reference for all plant and environmental engineers, particularly those who work with air, drinking water, wastewater, hazardous materials, and solid waste.

Environmental Colloids and Particles by Kevin J. Wilkinson, and Jamie R. Lead Hardcover - 702 pages Shipped in CLICK HERE Cat.# JW-ENV6 $428.15 BUY Published:  2007   ISBN:  9780470024324

Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation

This text presents the current knowledge of environmental colloids and includes reviews of the current understanding of structure, role and behaviour of environmental colloids and particles, whilst focussing directly on aquatic systems and soils. In addition, there is substantial critical assessment of the techniques employed for the sampling, size fractionation and characterisation of colloids and particles. Chemical, physical and biological processes and interactions involving colloids are described, and particular attention is paid to quantitative approaches that take account of particle heterogeneity and polydispersity.

• Presents critical reviews of the state-of-the-art knowledge of environmental colloids
• Critical assessment of techniques employed for the sampling, size fractionation and characterisation of colloids and particles are given
• Theoretical and experimental aspects of the methods as well as the required developments and possible recommendations are discussed
• Each chapter gives a brief introduction general enough for the non-specialist
• Written by a internationally recognized group of contributors

Table of Contents:

List of Contributors.
Series Preface.
Preface.

1. Environmental Colloids and Particles: Current Knowledge and Future Developments
2. Colloidal Properties of Submicron Particles in Natural Waters
3. Colloid–Trace Element Interactions in Aquatic Systems
4. Ultrafiltration and its Applications to Sampling and Characterisation of Aquatic Colloids
5. Characterisation of Aquatic Colloids and Macromolecules by Field-flow Fractionation
6. Modern Electrophoretic Techniques for the Characterisation of Natural Organic Matter
7. Electrophoresis of Soft Colloids: Basic Principles and Applications
8. Strategies and Advances in the Characterisation of Environmental Colloids by Electron Microscopy
9. Force Microscopy and Force Measurements of Environmental Colloids
10. Laser Scanning Microscopy for Microbial Flocs and Particles
11. Study of Environmental Systems by Means of Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
12. Laser-induced Breakdown Detection
13. Probing Environmental Colloids and Particles with X-rays

Index.

Quantitative Environmental Risk Analysis for Human Health by Robert Fjeld, Norman Eisenberg, and Keith Compton Hardcover - 390 pages Shipped in CLICK HERE Cat.# JW-ENV9 $123.60 BUY Published:  2007   ISBN:  9780471722434

A COMPREHENSIVE TEXTBOOK AND REFERENCE FOR QUANTITATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ANALYSIS FOR BOTH CHEMICAL AND RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINANTS

Environmental risk analysis is complex and interdisciplinary; this book explains the fundamental concepts and analytical methods in each essential discipline. With an emphasis on concepts and applications of quantitative tools plus coverage of analysis of both chemical and radioactive contaminants, this is a comprehensive resource.

After an introduction and an overview of the basics of environmental modelling, the book covers key elements in environmental risk analysis methodology, including:

• Release assessment and source characterization
• Migration of contaminants in various media, including surface water, groundwater, the atmosphere, and the food chain
• Exposure assessment
• Basic human toxicology and dose-response
• Risk characterization, including dose-response modelling and analysis
• Risk management process and methods
• Risk communication and public participation

This reference also relates risk analysis to current environmental laws and regulations. An ideal textbook for graduate students and upper-level undergraduates in various engineering and quantitative science disciplines, especially civil and environmental engineering, it is also a great reference for practitioners in industry, environmental consulting firms, and regulatory agencies.

Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis by Chunlong Zhang Hardcover - 436 pages Shipped in CLICK HERE Cat.# JW-ENV4 $123.60 BUY Published:  2007   ISBN:  9780471710974

This book provides a comprehensive overview on the fundamentals of environmental sampling and analysis for students in environmental science and engineering as well as environmental professionals in sampling and analytical work. It uses a know why rather than a know how approach. It details fundamentals of sampling, selection of standard methods, chemical and instrumental principles, and method applications for particular contaminants. The book gives an integrated introduction to the accurate sampling and analysis that is essential to quality environmental data.

Table of Contents:

Preface

1. Introduction to Environmental Data Acquisition
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Importance of Scientifically Reliable and Legally Defensible Data
1.1.2 Sampling Error vs. Analytical Error During Data Acquisition
1.2 Environmental Sampling
1.2.1 Scope of Environmental Sampling
1.2.2 Where, When, What, How, and How Many
1.3 Environmental Analysis
1.3.1 Uniqueness of Modern Environmental Analysis
1.3.2 Classical and Modern Analytical and Monitoring Techniques

References
Questions and Problems

2. Basics of Environmental Sampling and Analysis
2.1 Essential Analytical and Organic Chemistry
2.1.1 Concentration Units
2.1.2 Common Organic Pollutants and Their Properties
2.1.3 Analytical Precision, Accuracy, and Recovery
2.1.4 Detection Limit and Quantitation Limit
2.1.5 Standard Calibration Curve
2.2 Essential Environmental Statistics
2.2.1 Measurements of Central Tendency and Dispersion
2.2.2 Understanding Probability Distributions
2.2.3 Type I and II Errors: False Positive and False Negative
2.2.4 Detection of Outliers
2.2.5 Analysis of Censored Data
2.2.6 Analysis of Spatial and Time Series Data
2.3 Essential Hydrology and Geology
2.3.1 Stream Water Flow and Measurement
2.3.2 Groundwater Flow in Aquifers
2.3.3 Groundwater Wells
2.4 Essential Knowledge of Environmental Regulations
2.4.1 Major Regulations Administrated by the U.S. EPA
2.4.2 Other Important Environmental Regulations

References
Questions and Problems

3. Environmental Sampling Design
3.1 Planning and Sampling Protocols
3.1.1 Data Quality Objectives
3.1.2 Basic Considerations of Sampling Plan
3.2 Sampling Environmental Population
3.2.1 Where (Space) and When (Time) to Sample
3.2.2 Obtain Representative Samples from Various Matrices
3.3 Environmental Sampling Approaches: Where and When
3.3.1 Judgmental Sampling
3.3.2 Simple Random Sampling
3.3.3 Stratified Random Sampling
3.3.4 Systematic Sampling
3.3.5 Other Sampling Designs
3.4 Estimating Sample Numbers: How Many Samples are Required

References
Questions and Problems

4. Environmental Sampling Techniques
4.1 General Guidelines of Environmental Sampling Techniques
4.1.1 Sequence of Sampling Matrices and Analytes
4.1.2 Sample Amount
4.1.3 Sample Preservation and Storage
4.1.4 Selection of Sample Containers
4.1.5 Selection of Sampling Equipment
4.2 Techniques for Sampling Various Media: Practical Approaches and Tips
4.2.1 Surface Water and Wastewater Sampling
4.2.2 Groundwater Sampling
4.2.3 Soil and Sediment Sampling
4.2.4 Hazardous Waste Sampling
4.2.5 Biological Sampling
4.2.6 Air and Stack Emission Sampling

References
Questions and Problems

5. Methodology and Quality Assurance/Quality Control of Environmental Analysis
5.1 Overview on Standard Methodologies
5.1.1 The U.S. EPA Methods for Air, Water, Wastewater, and Hazardous Waste
5.1.2 Other Applicable Methods: APHA/ASTM/OSHA/NIOSH/USGS/AOAC
5.2 Selection of Standard Methods
5.2.1 Methods for Sample Preparation
5.2.2 Methods for Physical, Biological, and General Chemical Parameters
5.2.3 Methods for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
5.2.4 Methods for Semivolatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs)
5.2.5 Methods for Other Pollutants and Compounds of Emerging Environmental Concerns
5.3 Field Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)
5.3.1 Types of Field QA/QC Samples
5.3.2 Numbers of Field QA/QC Samples
5.4 Analytical Quality Assurance/Quality Control
5.4.1 Quality Control Procedures for Sample Preparation
5.4.2 Quality Control Procedures During Analysis

References
Questions and Problems

6. Common Operations and Wet Chemical Methods in Environmental Laboratories
6.1 Basic Operations in Environmental Laboratories
6.1.1 Labware Cleaning Protocols for Trace Analysis
6.1.2 Chemical Reagent Purity, Standard, and Reference Materials
6.1.3 Volumetric Glassware and Calibration
6.1.4 Laboratory Health, Safety, and Emergency First Aid
6.1.5 Waste Handling and Disposal
6.2 Wet Chemical Methods and Common Techniques in Environmental Analysis
6.2.1 Gravimetric and Volumetric Wet Chemical Methods
6.2.2 Common Laboratory Techniques
6.3 Analytical Principles for Common Wet Chemical Methods
6.3.1 Moisture in Solid and Biological Samples
6.3.2 Solids in Water, Wastewater, and Sludge (TS, TSS, TDS, VS)
6.3.3 Acidity, Alkalinity, and Hardness of Waters
6.3.4 Oxygen Demand in Water and Wastewater (DO, BOD and COD)
6.3.5 Oil and Grease in Water and Wastewater
6.3.6 Residual Chlorine and Chloride in Drinking Water
6.3.7 Ammonia in Wastewater
6.3.8 Cyanide in Water, Wastewater and Soil Extract
6.3.9 Sulfide in Water and Waste

References
Questions and Problems

7. Fundamentals of Sample Preparation for Environmental Analysis
7.1 Overview on Sample Preparation
7.1.1 Purpose of Sample Preparation
7.1.2 Types of Sample Preparation
7.2 Sample Preparation for Metal Analysis
7.2.1 Various Forms of Metals and Preparation Methods
7.2.2 Principles of Acid Digestion and Selection of Acid
7.2.3 Alkaline Digestion and Other Extraction Methods
7.3 Extraction for SVOC and Non-VOC from Liquid or Solid Samples
7.3.1 Separatory Funnel and Continuous Liquid–Liquid Extraction (LLE)
7.3.2 Solid Phase Extraction
7.3.3 Solid Phase Microextraction
7.3.4 Soxhlet and Automatic Soxhlet Extraction (Soxtec)
7.3.5 Ultrasonic Extraction
7.3.6 Pressured Fluid Extraction
7.3.7 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
7.3.8 Comparison and Selection of Organic Extraction Methods
7.4 Post-Extraction Clean-up of Organic Compounds
7.4.1 Theories and Operation Principles of Various Clean-up Methods
7.4.2 Recommended Clean-up Method for Selected Compounds
7.5 Derivatization of Non-VOC for Gas Phase Analysis
7.6 Sample Preparation for VOC, Air and Stack Gas Emission
7.6.1 Dynamic Headspace Extraction (Purge-and-Trap)
7.6.2 Static Headspace Extraction
7.6.3 Azeotropic and Vacuum Distillation
7.6.4 Volatile Organic Sampling Train

References
Questions and Problems

8. UV-Visible and Infrared Spectroscopic Methods in Environmental Analysis
8.1 Introduction to the Principles of Spectroscopy
8.1.1 Understanding the Interactions of Various Radiations with Matter
8.1.2 Origins of Absorption in Relation to Molecular Orbital Theories
8.1.3 Molecular Structure and UV-Visible/Infrared Spectra
8.1.4 Quantitative Analysis with Beer-Lambert’s Law
8.2 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
8.2.1 UV-Visible Instrumentation
8.2.2 UV-VIS as a Workhorse in Environmental Analysis
8.3 Infrared Spectroscopy
8.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometers (FTIR)
8.3.2 Dispersive Infrared Instruments (DIR)
8.3.3 Nondispersive Infrared Instruments (NDIR)
8.3.4 Applications in Industrial Hygiene and Air Pollution Monitoring
8.4 Practical Aspects of UV-Visible and Infrared Spectrometry
8.4.1 Common Tips for UV-Visible Spectroscopic Analysis
8.4.2 Sample Preparation for Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis

References
Questions and Problems

9. Atomic Spectroscopy for Metal Analysis
9.1 Introduction to the Principles of Atomic Spectroscopy
9.1.1 Flame and Flameless Atomic Absorption
9.1.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission
9.1.3 Atomic X-ray Fluorescence
9.2 Instruments for Atomic Spectroscopy
9.2.1 Flame and Flameless Atomic Absorption
9.2.2 Cold Vapor and Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption
9.2.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission
9.2.4 Atomic X-ray Fluorescence
9.3 Selection of the Proper Atomic Spectroscopic Techniques
9.3.1 Comparison of Detection Limits and Working Range
9.3.2 Comparison of Interferences and Other Considerations
9.4 Practical Tips to Sampling, Sample Preparation, and Metal Analysis

References
Questions and Problems

10. Chromatographic Methods for Environmental Analysis
10.1 Introduction to Chromatography
10.1.1 Types of Chromatography and Separation Columns
10.1.2 Common Stationary Phases: The Key to Separation
10.1.3 Other Parameters Important to Compound Separation
10.1.4 Terms and Theories of Chromatogram
10.1.5 Use of Chromatograms for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
10.2 Instruments of Chromatographic Methods
10.2.1 Gas Chromatography
10.2.2 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
10.2.3 Ion Chromatography
10.2.4 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
10.3 Common Detectors for Chromatography
10.3.1 Detectors for Gas Chromatography
10.3.2 Detectors for High Performance Liquid Chromatography
10.3.3 Detectors for Ion Chromatography
10.4 Applications of Chromatographic Methods in Environmental Analysis
10.4.1 Gases, Volatile, and Semivolatile Organics with GC
10.4.2 Semivolatile and Nonvolatile Organics with HPLC
10.4.3 Ionic Species with IC
10.5 Practical Tips to Chromatographic Methods
10.5.1 What Can and Cannot be Done with GC and HPLC
10.5.2 Development for GC and HPLC Methods
10.5.3 Overview on Maintenance and Troubleshooting

References
Questions and Problems

11. Electrochemical Methods for Environmental Analysis
11.1 Introduction to Electrochemical Theories
11.1.1 Review of Redox Chemistry and Electrochemical Cells
11.1.2 General Principles of Electroanalytical Methods
11.1.3 Types of Electrodes and Notations for Electrochemical Cells
11.2 Potentiometric Applications in Environmental Analysis
11.2.1 Measurement of pH
11.2.2 Measurement of Ions by Ion Selective Electrodes (ISEs)
11.2.3 Potentiometric Titration (Indirect Potentiometry)
11.3 Voltammetric Applications in Environmental Analysis
11.3.1 Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen
11.3.2 Measurement of Anions by Amperometric Titration
11.3.3 Measurement of Metals by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV)

References
Questions and Problems

12. Other Instrumental Methods in Environmental Analysis
12.1 Hyphenated Mass Spectrometric Methods and Applications
12.1.1 Atomic Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
12.1.2 Molecular Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS and LC-MS)
12.1.3 Mass Spectrometric Applications in Environmental Analysis
12.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
12.2.1 NMR Spectrometers and the Origin of NMR Signals
12.2.2 Molecular Structures and NMR Spectra
12.2.3 Applications of NMR in Environmental Analysis
12.3 Miscellaneous Methods
12.3.1 Radiochemical Analysis
12.3.2 Surface and Interface Analysis
12.3.3 Screening Methods Using Immunoassay

References
Questions and Problems

Experiments

Experiment 1. Data Analysis and Statistical Treatment: A Case Study on Ozone Concentrations in Cities of Houston-Galveston Area

Experiment 2. Collection and Preservation of Surface Water and Sediment Samples and Field Measurement of Several Water Quality Parameters

Experiment 3. Gravimetric Analysis of Solids and Titrimetric Measurement of Alkalinity of Streams and Lakes

Experiment 4. Determination of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) by Titrimetric Winkler Method

Experiment 5. Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in Water and Wastewater

Experiment 6. Determination of Nitrate and Nitrite in Water by UV-Visible Spectrometry

Experiment 7. Determination of Anionic Surfactant (Detergent) by Liquid-Liquid Extraction Followed by Colorimetric Methods

Experiment 8. Determination of Hexavalent and Trivalent Chromium (Cr6+ and Cr3+) in Water by Visible Spectrometry

Experiment 9. Determination of Greenhouse Gases by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer

Experiment 10. Determination of Metals in Soil–Acid Digestion and Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)

Experiment 11. Determination of Explosives Compounds in a Contaminated Soil by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Experiment 12. Measurement of Headspace Chloroethylene by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID)

Experiment 13. Determination of Chloroethylene by Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD)

Experiment 14. Use of Ion Selective Electrode to Determine Trace Level of Fluoride in Drinking and Natural Water

Experiment 15. Identification of BTEX and Chlorobenzene Compounds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS)

Appendices

A. Common Abbreviations and Acronyms
B. Structures and Properties of Important Organic Pollutants
C1. Standard Normal Cumulative Probabilities
C2. Percentiles of t-Distribution
C3. Critical Values for the F-Distribution
D. Required Containers, Preservation Techniques, and Holding Times
Index

Aerosol Sampling: Science, Standards, Instrumentation and Applications by James H. Vincent Hardcover - 636 pages Shipped in CLICK HERE Cat.# JW-ENV1 $191.75 BUY Published:  2007   ISBN:  9780470027257

This book provides a comprehensive account of the important field of aerosol sampling as it is applied to the measurement of aerosols that are ubiquitous in occupational and living environments, both indoor and outdoor. It is written in four parts:

Part A contains 9 chapters that describe the current knowledge of the physical science that underpins the process of aerosol sampling.

Part B contains 4 chapters, which present the basis of standards for aerosols, including the link with human exposure by inhalation.

Part C contains 7 chapters that cover the development of practical aerosol sampling instrumentation, and how technical designs and methods have evolved over the years in order that aerosol sampling may be carried out in a manner matching the health-related and other criteria that have been proposed as parts of standards.

Finally Part D contains 6 chapters that describe how a wide range of aerosol sampling instruments have performed when they have been applied in the field in both occupational and ambient atmospheric environments, including how different instruments, nominally intended to measure the same aerosol fraction, compare when used side-by-side in the real world.

The book draws together all that is known about aerosol sampling, for the benefit of researchers and practitioners in occupational and environmental health and all other fields of science and engineering where aerosols are of interest.

Table of Contents:

Part A: SCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK FOR AEROSOL SAMPLING

Chapter 1: Introduction

Aerosols
Particle size
Elementary particle size statistics
Aerosol measurement
Sampler performance characteristics
References

Chapter 2: Fluid and aerosol mechanical background

Fluid mechanical background
Aerosol mechanics

Chapter 3: Experimental methods in aerosol sampler studies

Introduction
Methodology for assessing sampler performance
Scaling relationships for aerosol samplers
Test facilities
Test aerosol generation
Reference methods
Assessment of collected aerosol
Aerosol sampler test protocols and procedures

Chapter 4: The nature of air flow near aerosol samplers

Introduction
Line and point sink samplers
Thin-walled slot and tube entries
Thick-walled tubes
Simple blunt samplers facing the wind
Blunt samplers with orientations other than facing the wind
More complex sampling systems
Effects of freestream turbulence

Chapter 5: Aspiration in moving air

Introduction
Thin-walled tube samplers
Blunt samplers

Chapter 6: Aspiration in calm and slowly-moving air

Introduction
Sampling in perfectly calm air
Slowly moving air

Chapter 7: Interferences to aerosol aspiration

Introduction
Interferences during aspiration
Interferences after aspiration

Chapter 8: Mechanisms for aerosol particle size selection after aspiration

Introduction
Elutriation
Filtration by porous foam media
Centrifugation
Impaction
Diffusion
Other particle size-selective mechanisms

Part B: STANDARDS FOR AEROSOLS

Chapter 9: Framework for aerosol sampling in working and ambient environments

Introduction
Exposure to aerosols
Framework for health-related aerosol sampling
Non-health-related aerosol standards
References

Chapter 10: Particle size-selective criteria for coarse aerosol fractions

Introduction
Experimental studies of inhalability
Particle size-selective criteria for the inhalable fraction
Overview

Chapter 11: Particle size-selective criteria for fine aerosol fractions

Introduction
Studies of regional deposition of inhaled aerosols
Criteria for particle size-selective sampling for fine aerosol fractions
Overview

Chapter 12: Limit values

Introduction
Aerosol-related health effects
The processes of standards setting
Occupational exposure limits (OELs)
Ambient atmospheric aerosol limits
Special cases

Part C: AEROSOL SAMPLING INSTRUMENTATION AND APPLICATIONS

Chapter 13: Historical milestones in practical aerosol sampling

Introduction
Occupational aerosol sampling
Ambient atmospheric aerosol sampling

Chapter 14: Sampling for coarse aerosol in workplaces

Introduction
Static (or area) samplers for coarse aerosol fractions
Personal samplers for coarse aerosol fractions
Analysis of performance data for inhalable aerosol samplers
Passive aerosol samplers

Chapter 15: Sampling for fine aerosol fractions in workplaces

Introduction
Samplers for the respirable fraction
Samplers for the thoracic fraction
Samplers for PM2.5
Thoracic particle size selection for fibrous aerosols
Sampling for very fine aerosols
Simultaneous sampling for more than one aerosol fraction

Chapter 16: Sampling probes for stack sampling

Introduction
Basic considerations
Stack sampling methods
Sampling probes for stack sampling
Sampling for determining particle size distribution in stacks
Direct-reading stack-monitoring instruments

Chapter 17: Sampling for aerosols in the ambient atmosphere

Introduction
Sampling for coarse 'nuisance' aerosols
Sampling for 'black smoke'
Sampling for total suspended particulate in the ambient atmosphere
Sampling for fine aerosol fractions in the ambient atmosphere
Meteorological sampling

Chapter 18: Sampling for the determination of particle size distribution

Introduction
Rationale
Aerosol spectrometers
Cascade impactors
Other spectrometers
Particle size distribution analysis by microscopy

Chapter 19: Sampling for bioaerosols

Introduction
Standards for bioaerosols
Technical issues for bioaerosol sampling
Early bioaerosol sampling
Criteria for bioaerosol sampling
Inertial samplers
Centrifugal samplers
'Total' and inhalable bioaerosol
Other samplers

Chapter 20: Direct reading aerosol sampling instruments

Introduction
Optical aerosol-measuring instruments
Electrical particle measurement
Condensation nuclei/particle counters
Mechanical aerosol mass measurement
Nuclear mass detectors
Surface area monitoring
Analytical chemical methods
Bioaerosol monitoring

PART D: AEROSOL SAMPLER APPLICATIONS AND FIELD STUDIES

Chapter 21: Pumps and paraphernalia

Introduction
Air moving systems
Flowrate
Collection media
Analysis of collected samples

Chapter 22: Field studies of aerosol samplers in workplaces

Introduction
Personal and static (or area) sampling
Relationship between 'total' and inhalable aerosol
Converting particle counts to particle mass
Field experience with samplers for respirable aerosol
Classification of workplace aerosols
Diesel particulate matter
The future of workplace aerosol measurement

Chapter 23: Field studies of aerosol samplers in the ambient atmosphere

Introduction
'Nuisance' dust
Total suspended particulate (TSP) and black smoke (BS)
Black smoke and particle size fractions (PM10 and PM2.5)
Transition to particle size-selective sampling
PM10
PM2.5
Personal exposures to PM10 and PM2.5
Classification of ambient atmospheric aerosols

Atmospheric Degradation of Organic Substances by Walter Klöpffer, Burkhard Wagner, and Klaus Günter Steinhäuser Hardcover - 258 pages Shipped in CLICK HERE Cat.# JW-ENV2 $228.15 BUY Published:  2007   ISBN:  9783527316069

Data for Persistence and Long-range Transport Potential

This compilation on the degradation of 1,100 commercially important chemical products is the first publication to make this knowledge publicly accessible. The data and annotations have been painstakingly assembled over a 10-year period in a collaboration between academia and regulatory authorities. The work explains in detail the methods, including computational ones, for the environmental assessment of volatile and semi-volatile substances, and is rounded off with data tables of degradation rates. A key resource for manufacturers and regulators of such substances.

Table of Contents:

PHOTODEGRADATION
Indirect photochemical reactions
Direct photochemical reactions

HETEROGENEOUS DEGRADATION
Degradation on solid surfaces
Degradation in droplets

EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION
Photochemical degradation
Photo-transformation
Degradation in the absorbed state
Calculating lifetimes from experimental data

ENVIRONMENTAL RELEVANCE
Persistence and long-range transport
Estimating lifetimes of semi-volatile substances
Regulatory framework
The REACH directive

DATA TABLES OF DEGRADATION RATES
- for > 1100 volatile and semi-volatile organic substances
- arranged by CAS number and compound name
- including kOH, kOzone, kNitrate, kPhoto
- with extensive literature listing

Environmental Contaminants, Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility and Mobility by John R. Dean Hardcover - 320 pages Shipped in CLICK HERE Cat.# JW-ENV3 $191.75 BUY Published:  2007   ISBN:  9780470025772

This book covers all aspects of bioavailability, as related to environmental contaminants. After a discussion of the definition of bioavailability and its context, focus is placed on the role of risk assessment and bioavailability. Methods of analysis are then discussed including a range of atomic spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques for metal analysis and chromatographic approaches for persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The occurrence, properties and eco-toxicity of POPs and metals in the soil/sediment environment are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the uptake of POPs and metals by plants (phytoextraction). Examples of POPs and metals in the environment are reviewed.

Methods to assess the bioavailability of POPs and metals in the environment are discussed. The particular approaches considered are:

• non-exhaustive extraction techniques
• single extraction techniques
• sequential extraction techniques
• use of cyclodextrin and surfactants
• in-vitro gastrointestinal methods including physiological-based extraction test
• the use of bioasssays including earthworms.

Finally, selected case studies highlight the importance of determining the bioavailability of POPs and metals.

Table of Contents:

Preface
Series Preface
Glossary of Terms

1.0 Contaminated land and the link to human health
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Soil Guideline Values
1.3 Risk to humans
1.4 An approach to assess contaminated soils relative to soil guidelines values
1.4.1 Mean value test
1.4.2 Maximum value test
1.5 Summary
1.6 References

2.0 Sample preparation and analytical techniques for elemental analysis of environmental contaminants
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sample preparation for elemental analysis
2.2.1 Solid samples
2.2.2 Liquid samples
2.3 Atomic absorption spectroscopy
2.4 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
2.5 Inorganic Mass Spectrometry
2.5.1 Interferences in ICP-MS
2.6 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
2.7 Electrochemistry
2.8 Hyphenated Techniques
2.9 Comparison of elemental analytical techniques
2.10 Selected resources on elemental analytical techniques
2.10.1 Specific books on atomic spectroscopy
2.10.2 Specific books on electroanalytical techniques
2.11 Summary

3.0 Sample preparation and analytical techniques for persistent organic pollutant analysis of environmental contaminants
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Sample preparation for persistent organic pollutant analysis
3.2.1 Solid samples
3.2.2 Liquid samples
3.3 Gas chromatography
3.4 High performance liquid chromatography
3.5 Interfacing chromatography and mass spectrometry
3.6 Comparison of persistent organic pollutant analytical techniques
3.7 Selected resources on persistent organic pollutant techniques
3.7.1 Specific books on chromatography
3.8 Summary

4.0 Methods used to assess bioavailability of metals
4.1 Non-exhaustive extraction techniques for metals
4.2 Single extraction methods for metals
4.3 Sequential extraction techniques for metals
4.4 Earthworms
4.4.1Earthworms in bioavailability studies
4.4.2 Chemical – extraction methods to estimate bioavailability of metals by earthworms
4.5 Plant uptake
4.6 Certified Reference Materials
4.7 Summary
4.8 References

5.0 Methods used to assess bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Non-exhaustive extraction techniques for POPs
5.2.1 Selective or mild-solvent extraction
5.2.2 Cyclodextrin extraction
5.2.3 Supercritical fluid extraction
5.2.4 Other approaches
5.3 Earthworm studies
5.3.1 Chemical – extraction methods to estimate bioavailability of POPs by earthworms
5.4 Plant uptake
5.5 Summary
5.6 References

6.0 Methods used to assess bioaccessibility
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Introduction to human physiology
6.3 Considerations in the design and development of a simulated in vitro gastrointestinal extraction method
6.4 Approaches to assess bioaccessibility of metals
6.5 Approaches to assess bioaccessibility of persistent organic pollutants
6.6 Validity for measuring bioaccessibility
6.7 Summary
6.8 References

7.0 Selected case studies on bioavailability, bioaccessibility and mobility of environmental contaminants
7.1 Bioavailability of metals by plants
7.1.1 Background
7.1.2 Experimental
7.1.3 Results and Discussion
7.1.4 Conclusion
7.1.5 References
7.2 Bioaccessibility of metals from plants
7.2.1 Background
7.2.2 Experimental
7.2.3 Results and Discussion
7.2.4 Conclusion
7.3 Bioavailability of POPs by plants
7.3.1 Background
7.3.2 Experimental
7.3.3 Results and Discussion
7.3.4 Conclusion
7.4 Bioaccessibility of POPs from plants
7.4.1 Background
7.4.2 Experimental
7.4.3 Results and Discussion
7.4.4 Conclusion

8.0 Recording of information in the laboratory and other selected resources
8.1 Safety
8.2 Recording of information
8.3 Selected other resources