THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER - Part 1....continued

The structure of the matter is the object of world-wide research work. The present atlas contains a systematic survey of the respective research results and is designated for use in secondary schools and in classes of technical, physical and chemical colleges and adult education. Here a selected stock of pictures is placed at disposal, which in usual textbooks and education manuals is contained in a very limited size only.

The Composition of the Atom, Elementary Particles, Atomic Nuclei, Structure of the Atomic Shell. - On the basis of selected examples the development from the ancient idea to the latest findings the fine structure of the matter is illustrated - The ancient idea of the elements as an answer to the question for the primary matter - Postulating of the atomic idea according to LEUKIPPOS and DEMOKRITOS - Conception of particles according to JOHN DALTON (atoms, atom bindings, molecules) - First structured atomic model of THOMSON - Scattering experiment of RUTHERFORD. Exploration of atomic dimensions and definition of the orbital model - Atomic model of NIELS BOHR (Quantization of particle energy) - Atomic model of ARNOLD SOMMERFELD - Matter waves (DE BROGLIE waves) as a proof of the double nature of matter and light - The HEISENBERG uncertainty relation and its consequences to the ideas of atomic structure - The quantum mechanical atomic model according to HEISENBERG and SCHROEDINGER - The atomic spectrum of hydrogen as the expression of electron transition within quantum energy stages of the hydrogen atom - General term diagram and spectral series of the alkali atoms - Term diagram H to -He - The conditions of origin of the three spectrum types - The solar spectrum. The FRAUNHOFER lines and the related chemical elements - The hydrogen isotopes and the atomic structure of the ten lightest elements according to NIELS BOHR - The symmetry of the simplest atomic orbitals and the structure of the atomic shell according to the orbital model

Energy, Matter, Interactions - An attempt to give a clear idea of facts being not very vivid about the elementary particles of the matter through the description of possible interactions - The four interactions in elementary particles, their coupling constants - Matter and antimatter: The most important elementary particles and their properties and systematics - Models of the construction of atomic nuclei - The EINSTEIN equivalence principles of energy and matter - Diagramm of stable and unstable nuclides - Nuclear fusion, nuclear binding energy and mass defect - Nuclear fission as a simple nuclear reaction - Spontaneous nuclear disintegration by FERMI-interaction - The law of radioactive disintegration - Methods to proof nuclear reactions: WILSON’s cloud chamber, GLASER’s bubble chamber and the nuclear emulsion technique - Nuclear fission after HAHN, STRASSMANN and MEITNER - Nuclear evaporation by high-energy particles - Symmetry models of elementary particles - Subelementary particles and their hypothetical characteristics - Experiments for the detection of quarks resp. partons - Attempt of a "General field theory" by HEISENBERG

Classes of Matter, Properties, Chemical Bonding - Proceeding from the fundamentals of chemistry, inherent laws and correlations between the physical and chemical properties of the stuffs and the ideas of the atomic composition and chemical bonding are illustrated - The classes of the matter. Chemical nomenclature - The aggregate states and their changes after the particle model - Characteristics of anorganic and organic bonds - The most important general properties of the matter - The characteristic properties of the three types of elements - Possibilities of sigma- and pi-bonds - Atomic bond after the BOHR theory and the molecular orbital theory - Ionic bond. Electrodynamic interaction and electro-negativity of the elements - Metal bond - Polarization, transitional forms and diagrams of the bond types - Co-ordinative bond (semi-polar bond) - VAN DER WAALS forces - Hydrogen bonding - Types of hydrogen bonding - Ionic dissociation of salts, acids and bases - The electrolytic process and its educts - Typical substance with various bond-types - Polymerization and macromolecules.

Symmetry of Crystals, Properties of Minerals, Research into the Structure - Correlations between arrangement of the particle grating and the macro-symmetry of the crystallized matter are shown. Some macro-physical properties of solids being suitable as criterions for the determination of minerals. The principles of X-ray analysis of the structure. - The macro-symmetry, a visible result of the arrangement of the particle grating - Rational planes and angular constant - Electron micrograph of a metal surface - Electron micrograph of a virus protein crystal - The crystallographic symmetry elements - Survey over the crystal symmetries and the symmetry elements - The crystal symmetries in the crystal grating model - The crystal symmetries and the crystal forms - Transition stages of crystallization: cube, octahedron, rhomboid dodecahedron - The three-dimensional orientation of lattice planes in the crystal grating and the MILLER indices of the crystal faces - The stereographic projection - Perfect crystal and real structure with three dimensional distortions - Example for crystal twinning - Forms of crystal growth and crystal aggregates - Isotopy and macro-symmetry - Characteristics of the crystalline state - Colour, transparency and opacity - MOHS scale of hardness - Typical anisotropic effects on scratch hardness and thermic velocity of propagation - Forms of cleavability - Lattice structure and cleavability - The double refraction - Dichroism and pleochroism - Double refraction and polarization of light waves - Orthoscopic interference figure of zinc selenite - Conoscopic interference figure of an uniaxial crystal - Conoscopic interference figure of a biaxial crystal - Polarization components - Extinguishing obliquities - Colour table after Michel-Lévy - Interference of light waves as an attempt for structure analysis of light diffracting matter - Interference of water waves - Conditions of light wave interferences - Diffraction on double slit for light waves - Conditions of X-ray interferences - X-ray diffraction after MAX VON DER LAUE as a method for structure analysis of crystalline matter - Simulated historic experimental set-up after MAX VON DER LAUE - LAUE pattern of a triclinic mineral - LAUE pattern of a monoclinic mineral - LAUE pattern of a rhomboid mineral - LAUE pattern of a trigonal mineral - LAUE pattern of a hexagonal mineral - LAUE pattern of a tetragonal mineral - LAUE pattern of a cubic mineral - Structure of beryllium - Beryllium, tourmaline, dioptase - LAUE pattern of rocksalt - Numbered LAUE pattern of rocksalt - Radiographic method (powder photography) DEBEYE-SCHERRER - Examples of isotypic determination of substances by comparison of their powder photographs - Single crystal photograph after the BUERGER precession technique - Structure analysis by vector analysis of a PATTERSON function - Calculation of electron density by FOURIER analysis - Field emission microscope picture of a platinum peak - Field emission microscope picture of a tungsten peak - Proof of changing of atomic position on the surface of a platinum-iridium single crystal - Principle of field emission microscope.