THE ORGANS OF SENSE....continued

Eye and Vision: Range of visible light in the electromagnetic spectrum - Sagittal section through the human eye. Cornea, iris, lens, ciliary body, retina with entrance of optic nerve, muscles - Cornea of the human eye, t.s. detail view with epithelium and connective tissue - Wall of the human eye ball, t.s. detail view. Retina, choroid, and sclera - Human retina, detail view. Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells - Human retina. Chief synaptic connections, schematic figure - Retina, detail view of the rods l.s. - Central fovea of retina - Papilla of optic nerve - Retina seen through the ophthalmoscope - Developing eyes of young and elder mammalian embryos, sections - Ocular muscles that moves the eyeball - Front view of the eye with lachrymal glands and lachrymal duct - Visual pathways, optic chiasm, schematic figure - Accommodation for distant and near vision - Mechanism of pupillary light reflex - Vision of moving objects. Depth perception, caused by convergence of the optical axes, identical and disparate points of the retina - Vision of motion explained by the principles of reafference - Formation of an image on the retina of a normal eye. The eye as a camera - Defects of the image-forming mechanism, nearsightedness, farsightedness - Formation of an image by an astigmatic cornea - Image seen through normal glasses and glasses correcting astigmatism - Eye with pathological turbidity of the lens (cataract) - Physiological contrast, simultaneous contrast. Influence of horizontal cells on neighbour cells in the retina for the improvement of clearness of vision - Optical illusions by ambiguous information: cubes of Necker and picture-puzzle - Optical illusions caused by the influence of the surrounding areas: converging and diverging lines, oblique hatching, surrounding area of different size, simultaneous contrast - Basis for the arrow illusion - Optical illusions caused by the nonconformist of rational interpretation and optical perception: round bars coming out of a square, twisted triangle, endless stairs, modern picture - Trichromatic triangle. Different combinations of three primary colours lead to all other colour. Colour vision - Spectral sensitivity of rods and cones (dominator system), three pigment colour vision (modulator system) - Tests for colour-blindness. Red-green deficiency and blue weakness - Colour perception and emotion

Ear and Hearing, Sense of Equilibrium: The formation of sound waves - Areas of rarefaction and areas of compression caused by a tuning fork - Characteristics and mutual influence of sound waves - Eardrum of the frog - Auditory ossicles at the skull of a frog - Auditory ossicles of man and cat compared with the size of a pin - Transformation of jawbone articulation into auditory ossicles during evolution - Development of the inner ear (labyrinth) and the perilymphatic space in vertebrates - Morphology of the human ear. Ear conch, external auditory canal, middle ear, inner ear - Ear drum with healed up fissure - Middle ear and inner ear. Movement of the eardrum, auditory ossicles, oval window and round window - Section through the auditory canal, eardrum and cochlea - Cochlea l.s. showing auditory nerve and organ of Corti - Organ of Corti, detail view shows sensory and supporting cells, tectorial membrane - Organ of Corti, schematic figure - Movement of Reissner’s membrane and basilar membrane. Stimulation of the hair cells by the to-and-fro movement of the hairs in the tectorial membrane - Broadening of the basilar membrane from the base of the cochlea to the helicotrema - Formation of damped waves in the membranous labyrinth, depending on volume pressure of the inner ear, different elasticity of the windows and asymmetric perilymph masses - Displacement of the membranous labyrinth by the waves generated by sound vibrations - Amplitude pattern of vibration of the membranous labyrinth for high and low frequencies - Detection of sound direction by the time lack between the entry of sound into the ears - Diagram of main auditory pathways. Centres of sound in the brain - Relationship of the two sets of the semicircular canals arranged in perpendicular plains - Semicircular canals, section - Ampullar crista, t.s. - Otolithic organ (macula), t.s. - Function of the vestibular system

Senses of Smell, Taste, Touch, Temperature and Proprioception: Section through nasal cavity and pharyngeal cavity - Location of the olfactory mucous membrane and air stream of the breath - Olfactory and respiratory mucous membrane of mammal t.s. - Detail view of olfactory epithelium with sensory cilia - Olfactory epithelium, electron micrograph of an ultrathin section - Nasal conchae of man and deer - Tongue of man with areas of taste - Tongue of rabbit, t.s. of papilla foliata with taste buds - Papilla foliata t.s., detail view of taste bud - Vallate papilla t.s. - Fungiform papilla t.s. - Human skin with cutaneous receptors of touch, pressure and thermal sensation - Sinus hair, l.s. and t.s. - Pacinian corpuscle - Meissner’s corpuscle from human finger - Eimer’s corpuscle from mouth of mole - Grandry’s and Herbst’s touch corpuscles from beak of duck - Sensitivity differences caused by touch-stimulation: excitation nearby or far away, weak or strong - Ruffini’s warmth receptor - Krause’s corpuscle, cold receptor - Back of human hand marked with warmth and cold reception points - Thermoreceptors of the infrared detector of rattle snake - Proprioceptors: muscle spindle and Golgi tendon apparatus. Conscious awareness of the position and movements of the joints - Muscle spindle in muscle, t.s.