II. Roots and Root Systems

A. Functions of a Root

B. Primary and Secondary Roots

C. Tap Root System

D. Fibrous Root System

E. Adventitious Root System

III. Root Structure

A. Root Cap

B. Growth Zones

1. Meristematic Zone

2. Elongation Zone

3. Zone of Maturation and Differentation

C. Tissues

1. Epidermis

a. Root Hairs

2. Cortex

a. Parenchyma Cells

3. Endodermis

4. Vascular Cylinder

a. Pericycle

b. Xylem

c. Phloem

IV. Stems

A. Functions of Stems

B. Types of Stems

V. Stem Structure (an overview)

A. Herbaceous Monocot Stem Structure and Tissues

1. Epidermis

a. Stomates

2. Chloroplast-Containing Cell Layer

3. Parenchyma Cells

4. Vascular Bundles

B. Herbaceous Dicot Stem Structure and Tissues

1. Cortex

2. Vascular Bundles

a. Vascular Cambium

3. Pith

C. Woody Dicot Stem Structure and Tissues

1. Internal Structure and Tissues

a. Vascular Cambium

b. Annual Growth Rings

c. Bark

2. Phloem

3. Cork Cambium

4. Cork

a. Sapwood

b. Heartwood

D. External Structure of Wood Stem

1. Terminal Bud

2. Bud Scales

3. Leaf Scar

4. Axillary Bud

5. Nodes

6. Internodes

7. Lenticels

VI. Conclusion